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年轻的太太
2020-11-11

Analysis of "Internet Anti-monopoly": Is it just a sword aiming at Ali, JD.com, and Meituan

《指南》对于正忙于在各大电商平台“买买买”的网民来说，其意义是什么呢？

Analysis of "Internet Anti-monopoly": Is it just a sword aiming at Ali, JD.com, and Meituan

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{"i18n":{"language":"en_US"},"data":{"magic":2,"id":304938363,"tweetId":"304938363","gmtCreate":1605106950552,"gmtModify":1704959124277,"author":{"id":3567118012147142,"idStr":"3567118012147142","authorId":3567118012147142,"authorIdStr":"3567118012147142","name":"年轻的太太","avatar":"https://static.laohu8.com/default-avatar.jpg","vip":1,"userType":1,"introduction":"","boolIsFan":false,"boolIsHead":false,"crmLevel":1,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"individualDisplayBadges":[],"fanSize":2,"starInvestorFlag":false},"themes":[],"images":[],"coverImages":[],"extraTitle":"","html":"<html><head></head><body>??</body></html>","htmlText":"<html><head></head><body>??</body></html>","text":"??","highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"favoriteSize":0,"link":"https://ttm.financial/post/304938363","repostId":1144133852,"repostType":4,"repost":{"id":"1144133852","kind":"news","pubTimestamp":1605098932,"share":"https://ttm.financial/m/news/1144133852?lang=en_US&edition=fundamental","pubTime":"2020-11-11 20:48","market":"hk","language":"zh","title":"Analysis of \"Internet Anti-monopoly\": Is it just a sword aiming at Ali, JD.com, and Meituan","url":"https://stock-news.laohu8.com/highlight/detail?id=1144133852","media":"三言财经","summary":"《指南》对于正忙于在各大电商平台“买买买”的网民来说，其意义是什么呢？","content":"Author | DorAemonOn November 10th, the annual \"Double Eleven\" online shopping festival will be staged soon. The State Administration for Market Regulation issued the \"Anti-monopoly Guidelines on the Platform Economy (Draft for Comment)\" (hereinafter referred to as the \"Guidelines\"), aiming at preventing and stopping monopolistic behaviors in the Internet platform economy, guiding operators in the platform economy to operate in compliance with laws and regulations, and promoting the healthy development of the online economy.What is the significance of the Guide for netizens who are busy \"buying in buy buy\" on major e-commerce platforms? Sanyan Finance specially summarizes the core clauses in the \"Guide\" and the analysis of all parties, and discusses them with you.1. What is the Internet platform and platform economy?Does it only include e-commerce platforms?The main purpose of the Guide is to prevent and stop monopolistic behavior in the economic field of Internet platform. So what is the definition of \"Internet platform\" here?According to the explanation of related concepts in the Guide, Internet platform refers to a business organization form that enables interdependent multilateral subjects to interact under the rules and matching provided by specific carriers through network information technology, so as to jointly create value. Platform economy refers to an economic form in which the Internet platform coordinates and organizes resource allocation.So does the Internet platform economy only include e-commerce platforms? According to legal sources, the legal provisions are generally very strict, saying that the platform includes all. If there are specific exceptions, then the legal provisions will clearly state that \"xxx\" is not included.Therefore, according to this definition, the Internet platforms mentioned in the Guide include all online platforms, such as e-commerce, social platforms, games, etc.2. In specific cases, the direct factual evidence is sufficient, and the monopoly can be directly determinedWhen it comes to monopoly issues, it is necessary to define the relevant commodity markets and relevant regional markets involved in the Internet platform economy. However, the Guide also points out that in a specific case, if the direct factual evidence is sufficient, the behavior that can only be carried out with a dominant market position lasts for a long time and the effect is obvious, and it is insufficient or very difficult to accurately define the relevant market conditions, it is not necessary to define the relevant market, and directly determine that the operators in the Internet platform economic field have carried out monopolistic behavior.3. Monopoly agreements prohibited by the Anti-Monopoly Law apply to online platformsThe \"Guide\" points out that monopoly agreements in the Internet platform economy mainly refer to agreements, decisions or other coordinated behaviors of platform operators and operators within the platform that exclude or restrict competition.Among them, horizontal monopoly agreements and vertical monopoly agreements are included. That is, operators in the platform economy with competitive relationships may reach horizontal monopoly agreements such as fixing prices, segmenting markets, limiting output, restricting new technologies, and boycotting transactions; And operators and counterparties in the Internet platform economy may reach vertical monopoly agreements such as fixed resale prices and limited minimum resale prices.At the same time, the \"Guide\" stipulates that to identify collaborative behavior in the economic field of Internet platforms, direct evidence can be used to determine whether there is a fact of collaborative behavior. However, if direct evidence is difficult to obtain, then according to logically consistent indirect evidence, the operators' knowledge of relevant information can be determined, and whether there is collaborative behavior among operators can be determined.For example, if several major e-commerce platforms negotiate with each other and reach an agreement on the price of a certain commodity on the platform, so that the newly established e-commerce platform in the market cannot sell the same commodity at a more attractive price, then this constitutes a horizontal monopoly agreement;If an e-commerce platform with certain strength in the market reaches an agreement with its own supply chain merchants, specific goods will be supplied at the agreed price. If other e-commerce platforms cannot purchase goods or have to purchase goods at a higher cost, it constitutes a vertical monopoly agreement.The above items are mainly aimed at operators in Internet platforms, that is, merchants. As for the issues that consumers are concerned about, the Guide also makes clear provisions.4. Forcing merchants to \"choose one of the two\" is an abuse of market dominanceThe section on \"Abuse of Market Dominance\" in the \"Guide\" is summarized, and the behavior of \"choosing one from the other\" on Internet platforms is clearly defined. The \"Guidelines\" point out that operators in the platform economy with dominant market position may abuse their dominant market position, restrict transactions on counterparties without justifiable reasons, and exclude or restrict market competition.This behavior includes requiring the counterparty to \"choose one of the two\" or other behaviors with the same effect between competing platforms; Require the counterparty to conduct exclusive transactions with it; It is restricted that the counterparty can only trade with designated operators or not trade with specific operators, etc.The Guide also emphasizes that such restrictions on transactions can be achieved by telephone, verbal, etc., and restrictions can also be set through platform rules, data algorithms and technologies.5. \"Big data killing familiarity\" abuses market dominance<img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/f6952dc043e5ecda3fc0ad6f704ecbd2\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"308\">\"Killing familiarity\" is one of the reasons why many consumers complain about Internet platforms.The release of the \"Guide\" also identified it as an abuse of market dominance. Operators in the Internet platform economy with a dominant market position may abuse their dominant market position, impose differential treatment on counterparties with the same trading conditions without justifiable reasons, and exclude or restrict market competition.This behavior includes implementing differential transaction prices or other transaction conditions for the payment ability, consumption preference, usage habits, etc. of the counterparty based on big data and algorithms; And based on big data and algorithms, differential trading prices or other trading conditions are implemented for new and old trading counterparties.After the official implementation of the Guide, it is believed that the online economy will be effectively supervised by compliance, and problems such as \"choosing one from the other\" for merchants and \"killing\" for consumers are expected to be effectively solved.6. Is it only for anti-monopoly on e-commerce platforms? What about other platformsThese clauses may be the first reaction of most people to think that the Guide is an anti-monopoly clause for Internet e-commerce. In fact, these requirements in the Guide also apply to non-e-commerce platforms.Dong Yizhi, a lawyer of Shanghai Zhengce Law Firm, believes that the \"Internet platform\" in the Guide is definitely not just e-commerce, but all platforms may be involved. The businesses of Internet giants intersect with each other, so game social networking may be involved. We can't look at the problem from a local business perspective alone, but we should look at the monopoly from a very high dimension, especially from the regulatory perspective.In addition, the \"Guide\" also clearly points out that in the field of platform economy, according to the different business models of operators, the business methods are also different. For example, there are platform operators who only provide information matching and collect commissions; There are also operators involved in the agreement control structure, etc., all of which fall under the jurisdiction of the Guide.In addition to listing \"choosing one from the other\" and \"killing familiarity\" as the concepts of abuse of market dominance, the Guide also identifies \"refusing to trade\" as one of the monopolistic behaviors. Specifically, operators in the Internet platform economy with dominant market position may abuse their dominant market position, refuse to conduct transactions with counterparties without justifiable reasons, and exclude or restrict market competition.In the entry of \"refusal of transaction\", the following factors can be considered to analyze whether it constitutes a refusal of transaction: stopping, delaying, and interrupting the existing transaction with the counterparty;Set restrictions and obstacles in platform rules, algorithms, technologies, traffic distribution, etc., making it difficult for transaction counterparties to conduct transactions.Transaction restrictions may be achieved by actually setting restrictions or obstacles in platform rules, data, algorithms, technologies, etc.These can also happen in social platforms. For example, some social platforms will block some transaction passwords, links, etc.VII. Views of all partiesAfter the publication of the draft of the Guide for comments, major media and relevant experts also conducted an in-depth analysis.Zhou Xiaochuan: Technology giants control a large amount of data and market share, forming a monopoly to suppress fair competitionOn November 11th, Zhou Xiaochuan, vice chairman of Boao Forum for Asia and former governor of the People's Bank of China, said that at present, while scientific and technological innovation has given birth to huge kinetic energy, it has also brought huge challenges to social governance and global governance. First of all, developing countries have insufficient investment in digital infrastructure, and the global digital divide has further widened. Poverty reduction and development still have a long way to go.Secondly, artificial intelligence subverts traditional industries, and gene editing technology enters practical applications, causing problems such as structural unemployment and social ethics. Third, Internet technology giants control a large amount of data and market share, forming a monopoly to inhibit fair competition. In addition, preventing cyber attacks and protecting personal data privacy have also become the focus of global attention.Huang Jin: The highlights of the platform economy anti-monopoly guidelines are scientific supervision and oriented to the future of the industryHuang Jin, deputy director of the International Economic Law Research Office of the Chinese Institute of Social Sciences and International Law, deputy director and secretary-general of the Competition Law Research Center, said that the Guide is aimed at anti-monopoly issues in the platform field.At present, platform operators have grown into super platform operators. Up to now, among these \"super platform\" operators, there are some cases of unfair competition, abuse of comparative advantages and even monopoly. Therefore, the platform economy needs more supervision. The \"Guide\" strengthens competition analysis and legal argumentation according to the development situation, development law and its own characteristics of the platform economy, which means that more attention will be paid to the characteristics of the platform economy in the process of law enforcement.In the field of live broadcast e-commerce, due to the small market offset, some companies already have a certain market size and have certain advantages and dominant positions. Therefore, to have legal compliance requirements, anti-monopoly laws are needed, and the Guide has also done this.In view of behaviors such as \"choosing one from the other\" and \"killing big data\", Huang Jin believes that the current adjustment of anti-monopoly law is more related to the relationship between enterprises. The Guide helps to further clarify the exclusive transactions, exclusive sales contracts, etc. between enterprises. The Guide defines relevant markets and defines enterprises and platforms. According to its market dominance, whether there is abuse is based on legal logical analysis.In addition, Huang Jin believes that the greatest significance of the \"Guide\" is to lay the foundation for solving some problems in the industry in the future.Media: Anti-monopoly in the platform economy makes users feel more rewardingToday, Dongfang. com published a commentary on the publication of the Guide, saying that China's Internet consumption has almost entered a mature stage after a barbaric growth period. At this time, the bilateral market, multilateral market and ecological carrier characteristics of the platform economy determine that the platform economy needs compliance innovation to be stable and long-term. Through the participation of the government, enterprises, consumers and third parties, a new system of joint supervision will be formed.Lecturer: School of Civil Law, China University of Political Science and Law: The trend of strengthening anti-monopoly in the field of platform economy is irreversibleXie Yuanyang, a lecturer at the School of Civil Law of China University of Political Science and Law, said in an interpretation article sent to the media that the content of the Guide responds to the Internet market environment and issues that are widely concerned by the society.The \"Guide\" makes special provisions on \"choosing one of the two\" and \"killing big data\". In addition, algorithm collusion and hub-and-spoke agreements are regarded as monopoly agreements. Moreover, the \"Guide\" weakens the definition of the market and the criteria for identifying concentration of operators.Xie Yuanyang believes that the current trend of strengthening anti-monopoly in the platform economy is irreversible.Guan Qingyou: Platform economy companies really need to be included in supervision<img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/f453c0c3e6a9c064fd329f82af0bd6e9\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"495\">Guan Qingyou, an economist, believes that the random and free use of public data by Internet companies is a new phenomenon and a problem. This situation must change, and platform economy companies must indeed be included in supervision.Ye Tan: Striking hard, very painful for Ali and others<img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/b902ac5f8676b111e02f0c7136bfa258\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"551\">Ye Tan, a financial critic, said that the \"Guide\" issued by the State Administration of Supervision this time was a one-time heavy blow, which was \"very painful\" for companies such as Ali.","source":"sycaijing","collect":0,"html":"<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,minimum-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=no\"/>\n<meta name=\"format-detection\" content=\"telephone=no,email=no,address=no\" />\n<title>Analysis of \"Internet Anti-monopoly\": Is it just a sword aiming at Ali, JD.com, and Meituan</title>\n<style type=\"text/css\">\na,abbr,acronym,address,applet,article,aside,audio,b,big,blockquote,body,canvas,caption,center,cite,code,dd,del,details,dfn,div,dl,dt,\nem,embed,fieldset,figcaption,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,hgroup,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,mark,menu,nav,\nobject,ol,output,p,pre,q,ruby,s,samp,section,small,span,strike,strong,sub,summary,sup,table,tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,time,tr,tt,u,ul,var,video{ font:inherit;margin:0;padding:0;vertical-align:baseline;border:0 }\nbody{ font-size:16px; line-height:1.5; color:#999; background:transparent; }\n.wrapper{ overflow:hidden;word-break:break-all;padding:10px; }\nh1,h2{ font-weight:normal; line-height:1.35; margin-bottom:.6em; }\nh3,h4,h5,h6{ line-height:1.35; margin-bottom:1em; }\nh1{ font-size:24px; }\nh2{ font-size:20px; }\nh3{ font-size:18px; }\nh4{ font-size:16px; }\nh5{ font-size:14px; }\nh6{ font-size:12px; }\np,ul,ol,blockquote,dl,table{ margin:1.2em 0; }\nul,ol{ margin-left:2em; }\nul{ list-style:disc; }\nol{ list-style:decimal; }\nli,li p{ margin:10px 0;}\nimg{ max-width:100%;display:block;margin:0 auto 1em; }\nblockquote{ color:#B5B2B1; border-left:3px solid #aaa; padding:1em; }\nstrong,b{font-weight:bold;}\nem,i{font-style:italic;}\ntable{ width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:1px;margin:1em 0;font-size:.9em; }\nth,td{ padding:5px;text-align:left;border:1px solid #aaa; }\nth{ font-weight:bold;background:#5d5d5d; }\n.symbol-link{font-weight:bold;}\n/* header{ border-bottom:1px solid #494756; } */\n.title{ margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.3;color:#ddd; }\n.meta {color:#5e5c6d;font-size:13px;margin:0 0 .5em; }\na{text-decoration:none; color:#2a4b87;}\n.meta .head { display: inline-block; overflow: hidden}\n.head .h-thumb { width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; float: left;}\n.head .h-content { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 9px; float: left;}\n.head .h-name {font-size: 13px; color: #eee; margin: 0;}\n.head .h-time {font-size: 12.5px; color: #7E829C; margin: 0;}\n.small {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.9); -webkit-transform: scale(0.9); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.smaller {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.bt-text {font-size: 12px;margin: 1.5em 0 0 0}\n.bt-text p {margin: 0}\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"title\">\nAnalysis of \"Internet Anti-monopoly\": Is it just a sword aiming at Ali, JD.com, and Meituan\n</h2>\n<h4 class=\"meta\">\n\n三言财经2020-11-11 20:48\n\n</h4>\n</header>\n<article>\nAuthor | DorAemonOn November 10th, the annual \"Double Eleven\" online shopping festival will be staged soon. The State Administration for Market Regulation issued the \"Anti-monopoly Guidelines on the Platform Economy (Draft for Comment)\" (hereinafter referred to as the \"Guidelines\"), aiming at preventing and stopping monopolistic behaviors in the Internet platform economy, guiding operators in the platform economy to operate in compliance with laws and regulations, and promoting the healthy development of the online economy.What is the significance of the Guide for netizens who are busy \"buying in buy buy\" on major e-commerce platforms? Sanyan Finance specially summarizes the core clauses in the \"Guide\" and the analysis of all parties, and discusses them with you.1. What is the Internet platform and platform economy?Does it only include e-commerce platforms?The main purpose of the Guide is to prevent and stop monopolistic behavior in the economic field of Internet platform. So what is the definition of \"Internet platform\" here?According to the explanation of related concepts in the Guide, Internet platform refers to a business organization form that enables interdependent multilateral subjects to interact under the rules and matching provided by specific carriers through network information technology, so as to jointly create value. Platform economy refers to an economic form in which the Internet platform coordinates and organizes resource allocation.So does the Internet platform economy only include e-commerce platforms? According to legal sources, the legal provisions are generally very strict, saying that the platform includes all. If there are specific exceptions, then the legal provisions will clearly state that \"xxx\" is not included.Therefore, according to this definition, the Internet platforms mentioned in the Guide include all online platforms, such as e-commerce, social platforms, games, etc.2. In specific cases, the direct factual evidence is sufficient, and the monopoly can be directly determinedWhen it comes to monopoly issues, it is necessary to define the relevant commodity markets and relevant regional markets involved in the Internet platform economy. However, the Guide also points out that in a specific case, if the direct factual evidence is sufficient, the behavior that can only be carried out with a dominant market position lasts for a long time and the effect is obvious, and it is insufficient or very difficult to accurately define the relevant market conditions, it is not necessary to define the relevant market, and directly determine that the operators in the Internet platform economic field have carried out monopolistic behavior.3. Monopoly agreements prohibited by the Anti-Monopoly Law apply to online platformsThe \"Guide\" points out that monopoly agreements in the Internet platform economy mainly refer to agreements, decisions or other coordinated behaviors of platform operators and operators within the platform that exclude or restrict competition.Among them, horizontal monopoly agreements and vertical monopoly agreements are included. That is, operators in the platform economy with competitive relationships may reach horizontal monopoly agreements such as fixing prices, segmenting markets, limiting output, restricting new technologies, and boycotting transactions; And operators and counterparties in the Internet platform economy may reach vertical monopoly agreements such as fixed resale prices and limited minimum resale prices.At the same time, the \"Guide\" stipulates that to identify collaborative behavior in the economic field of Internet platforms, direct evidence can be used to determine whether there is a fact of collaborative behavior. However, if direct evidence is difficult to obtain, then according to logically consistent indirect evidence, the operators' knowledge of relevant information can be determined, and whether there is collaborative behavior among operators can be determined.For example, if several major e-commerce platforms negotiate with each other and reach an agreement on the price of a certain commodity on the platform, so that the newly established e-commerce platform in the market cannot sell the same commodity at a more attractive price, then this constitutes a horizontal monopoly agreement;If an e-commerce platform with certain strength in the market reaches an agreement with its own supply chain merchants, specific goods will be supplied at the agreed price. If other e-commerce platforms cannot purchase goods or have to purchase goods at a higher cost, it constitutes a vertical monopoly agreement.The above items are mainly aimed at operators in Internet platforms, that is, merchants. As for the issues that consumers are concerned about, the Guide also makes clear provisions.4. Forcing merchants to \"choose one of the two\" is an abuse of market dominanceThe section on \"Abuse of Market Dominance\" in the \"Guide\" is summarized, and the behavior of \"choosing one from the other\" on Internet platforms is clearly defined. The \"Guidelines\" point out that operators in the platform economy with dominant market position may abuse their dominant market position, restrict transactions on counterparties without justifiable reasons, and exclude or restrict market competition.This behavior includes requiring the counterparty to \"choose one of the two\" or other behaviors with the same effect between competing platforms; Require the counterparty to conduct exclusive transactions with it; It is restricted that the counterparty can only trade with designated operators or not trade with specific operators, etc.The Guide also emphasizes that such restrictions on transactions can be achieved by telephone, verbal, etc., and restrictions can also be set through platform rules, data algorithms and technologies.5. \"Big data killing familiarity\" abuses market dominance<img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/f6952dc043e5ecda3fc0ad6f704ecbd2\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"308\">\"Killing familiarity\" is one of the reasons why many consumers complain about Internet platforms.The release of the \"Guide\" also identified it as an abuse of market dominance. Operators in the Internet platform economy with a dominant market position may abuse their dominant market position, impose differential treatment on counterparties with the same trading conditions without justifiable reasons, and exclude or restrict market competition.This behavior includes implementing differential transaction prices or other transaction conditions for the payment ability, consumption preference, usage habits, etc. of the counterparty based on big data and algorithms; And based on big data and algorithms, differential trading prices or other trading conditions are implemented for new and old trading counterparties.After the official implementation of the Guide, it is believed that the online economy will be effectively supervised by compliance, and problems such as \"choosing one from the other\" for merchants and \"killing\" for consumers are expected to be effectively solved.6. Is it only for anti-monopoly on e-commerce platforms? What about other platformsThese clauses may be the first reaction of most people to think that the Guide is an anti-monopoly clause for Internet e-commerce. In fact, these requirements in the Guide also apply to non-e-commerce platforms.Dong Yizhi, a lawyer of Shanghai Zhengce Law Firm, believes that the \"Internet platform\" in the Guide is definitely not just e-commerce, but all platforms may be involved. The businesses of Internet giants intersect with each other, so game social networking may be involved. We can't look at the problem from a local business perspective alone, but we should look at the monopoly from a very high dimension, especially from the regulatory perspective.In addition, the \"Guide\" also clearly points out that in the field of platform economy, according to the different business models of operators, the business methods are also different. For example, there are platform operators who only provide information matching and collect commissions; There are also operators involved in the agreement control structure, etc., all of which fall under the jurisdiction of the Guide.In addition to listing \"choosing one from the other\" and \"killing familiarity\" as the concepts of abuse of market dominance, the Guide also identifies \"refusing to trade\" as one of the monopolistic behaviors. Specifically, operators in the Internet platform economy with dominant market position may abuse their dominant market position, refuse to conduct transactions with counterparties without justifiable reasons, and exclude or restrict market competition.In the entry of \"refusal of transaction\", the following factors can be considered to analyze whether it constitutes a refusal of transaction: stopping, delaying, and interrupting the existing transaction with the counterparty;Set restrictions and obstacles in platform rules, algorithms, technologies, traffic distribution, etc., making it difficult for transaction counterparties to conduct transactions.Transaction restrictions may be achieved by actually setting restrictions or obstacles in platform rules, data, algorithms, technologies, etc.These can also happen in social platforms. For example, some social platforms will block some transaction passwords, links, etc.VII. Views of all partiesAfter the publication of the draft of the Guide for comments, major media and relevant experts also conducted an in-depth analysis.Zhou Xiaochuan: Technology giants control a large amount of data and market share, forming a monopoly to suppress fair competitionOn November 11th, Zhou Xiaochuan, vice chairman of Boao Forum for Asia and former governor of the People's Bank of China, said that at present, while scientific and technological innovation has given birth to huge kinetic energy, it has also brought huge challenges to social governance and global governance. First of all, developing countries have insufficient investment in digital infrastructure, and the global digital divide has further widened. Poverty reduction and development still have a long way to go.Secondly, artificial intelligence subverts traditional industries, and gene editing technology enters practical applications, causing problems such as structural unemployment and social ethics. Third, Internet technology giants control a large amount of data and market share, forming a monopoly to inhibit fair competition. In addition, preventing cyber attacks and protecting personal data privacy have also become the focus of global attention.Huang Jin: The highlights of the platform economy anti-monopoly guidelines are scientific supervision and oriented to the future of the industryHuang Jin, deputy director of the International Economic Law Research Office of the Chinese Institute of Social Sciences and International Law, deputy director and secretary-general of the Competition Law Research Center, said that the Guide is aimed at anti-monopoly issues in the platform field.At present, platform operators have grown into super platform operators. Up to now, among these \"super platform\" operators, there are some cases of unfair competition, abuse of comparative advantages and even monopoly. Therefore, the platform economy needs more supervision. The \"Guide\" strengthens competition analysis and legal argumentation according to the development situation, development law and its own characteristics of the platform economy, which means that more attention will be paid to the characteristics of the platform economy in the process of law enforcement.In the field of live broadcast e-commerce, due to the small market offset, some companies already have a certain market size and have certain advantages and dominant positions. Therefore, to have legal compliance requirements, anti-monopoly laws are needed, and the Guide has also done this.In view of behaviors such as \"choosing one from the other\" and \"killing big data\", Huang Jin believes that the current adjustment of anti-monopoly law is more related to the relationship between enterprises. The Guide helps to further clarify the exclusive transactions, exclusive sales contracts, etc. between enterprises. The Guide defines relevant markets and defines enterprises and platforms. According to its market dominance, whether there is abuse is based on legal logical analysis.In addition, Huang Jin believes that the greatest significance of the \"Guide\" is to lay the foundation for solving some problems in the industry in the future.Media: Anti-monopoly in the platform economy makes users feel more rewardingToday, Dongfang. com published a commentary on the publication of the Guide, saying that China's Internet consumption has almost entered a mature stage after a barbaric growth period. At this time, the bilateral market, multilateral market and ecological carrier characteristics of the platform economy determine that the platform economy needs compliance innovation to be stable and long-term. Through the participation of the government, enterprises, consumers and third parties, a new system of joint supervision will be formed.Lecturer: School of Civil Law, China University of Political Science and Law: The trend of strengthening anti-monopoly in the field of platform economy is irreversibleXie Yuanyang, a lecturer at the School of Civil Law of China University of Political Science and Law, said in an interpretation article sent to the media that the content of the Guide responds to the Internet market environment and issues that are widely concerned by the society.The \"Guide\" makes special provisions on \"choosing one of the two\" and \"killing big data\". In addition, algorithm collusion and hub-and-spoke agreements are regarded as monopoly agreements. Moreover, the \"Guide\" weakens the definition of the market and the criteria for identifying concentration of operators.Xie Yuanyang believes that the current trend of strengthening anti-monopoly in the platform economy is irreversible.Guan Qingyou: Platform economy companies really need to be included in supervision<img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/f453c0c3e6a9c064fd329f82af0bd6e9\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"495\">Guan Qingyou, an economist, believes that the random and free use of public data by Internet companies is a new phenomenon and a problem. This situation must change, and platform economy companies must indeed be included in supervision.Ye Tan: Striking hard, very painful for Ali and others<img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/b902ac5f8676b111e02f0c7136bfa258\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"551\">Ye Tan, a financial critic, said that the \"Guide\" issued by the State Administration of Supervision this time was a one-time heavy blow, which was \"very painful\" for companies such as Ali.\n<div class=\"bt-text\">\n\n\n source：<a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU2ODcwMDY2NA==&mid=2247512280&idx=1&sn=8b0f0b9e2863cb6b01e243b434fed6fd&chksm=fc8b0b4fcbfc82592e31365497c15278a054318bea2d298a85d6d697086521d012e1c1495f45&scene=126&sessionid=1605098278&key=5eaf68e2d509a00429e6a706bbe12320eba06a7062a4cf3ff2b60d883d7797f4940399c1b9a5d1be8e6f4dc289c62c8634ea33f9c7155961b77c51c0908176cf296c14b69bad53f53fcb745e8445370ef843acded34639a01a99fb997f416925aae0e9917b51edb7fb0d4abb0f980ae355b23eab5501411f6acfa6f26196d600&ascene=1&uin=OTU4N\">三言财经</a>\n\n\n</div>\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","type":0,"thumbnail":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/3648284ff20e3d185b089e5e2381042c","relate_stocks":{"00700":"腾讯控股","BABA":"阿里巴巴","03690":"美团-W","JD":"京东"},"source_url":"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU2ODcwMDY2NA==&mid=2247512280&idx=1&sn=8b0f0b9e2863cb6b01e243b434fed6fd&chksm=fc8b0b4fcbfc82592e31365497c15278a054318bea2d298a85d6d697086521d012e1c1495f45&scene=126&sessionid=1605098278&key=5eaf68e2d509a00429e6a706bbe12320eba06a7062a4cf3ff2b60d883d7797f4940399c1b9a5d1be8e6f4dc289c62c8634ea33f9c7155961b77c51c0908176cf296c14b69bad53f53fcb745e8445370ef843acded34639a01a99fb997f416925aae0e9917b51edb7fb0d4abb0f980ae355b23eab5501411f6acfa6f26196d600&ascene=1&uin=OTU4N","is_english":false,"share_image_url":"https://static.laohu8.com/e9f99090a1c2ed51c021029395664489","article_id":"1144133852","content_text":"作者｜DorAemon\n11月10日，一年一度的“双十一”线上购物节大戏即将上演，国家市场监管总局发布了《关于平台经济领域的反垄断指南（征求意见稿）》（下称《指南》），旨在预防和制止互联网平台经济领域的垄断行为，引导平台经济领域经营者依法合规经营，促进线上经济健康发展。\n《指南》对于正忙于在各大电商平台“买买买”的网民来说，其意义是什么呢？三言财经特汇总《指南》中的核心条款以及各方分析，与大家一起探讨。\n一、互联网平台、平台经济是什么？\n只包括电商平台吗？\n《指南》制定的主要目的是预防和制止互联网平台经济领域的垄断行为，那么这里的“互联网平台”定义是什么呢？\n根据《指南》中对相关概念的解释，互联网平台是指通过网络信息技使相互依赖的多边主体在特定载体提供的规则和撮合下交互，以此共同创造价值的商业组织形态。而平台经济，则是指由互联网平台协调组织资源配置的一种经济形态。\n那么互联网平台经济只包括电商平台吗？法律人士表示，法律条文里一般都很严谨，说是平台就包括全部，如果存在特定的例外，那么法律条文会明确写出不包含“xxx”。\n所以根据该定义，《指南》中所提到的互联网平台包括一切线上平台，例如电商、社交平台、游戏等。\n二、特定个案，直接事实证据充足，可直接认定垄断\n在涉及到垄断问题时，需要对互联网平台经济涉及的相关商品市场、相关地域市场进行界定。但《指南》同时指出，在特定个案中，对于直接事实证据充足，只有以市场支配地位才能实施的行为持续了相当长时间且效果明显，准确界定相关市场条件不足或非常困难，则可以不界定相关市场，直接认定互联网平台经济领域经营者实施了垄断行为。\n三、《反垄断法》禁止的垄断协议适用于线上平台\n《指南》指出，互联网平台经济领域垄断协议主要指平台经营者、平台内经营者排除、限制竞争的协议、决定或者其他协同行为。\n其中，包含横向垄断协议和纵向垄断协议。即具有竞争关系的平台经济领域经营者可能达成固定价格、分割市场、限制产量、限制新技术、联合抵制交易等横向垄断协议；及互联网平台经济领域经营者与交易相对人可能达成固定转售价格、限定最低转售价格等纵向垄断协议。\n同时，《指南》规定认定互联网平台经济领域协同行为，可通过直接证据判定是否存在协同行为的事实。但如果直接证据较难获取，那么可根据逻辑一致的间接证据，认定经营者对相关信息的知悉情况，判定经营者之间是否存在协同行为。\n举例来说，如果几大电商平台之间互相商量好达成协议，对平台上某种商品价格达成一致，使得市场中新成立的电商平台无法以更有吸引力的价格销售同款商品，那这就构成了横向垄断协议；\n若市场上具备一定实力的某电商平台和自己供应链商家达成协议，使得特定商品以约定价格供货。导致其他电商平台无法进货或者要以更高成本进货，则构成纵向垄断协议。\n上述几条主要针对互联网平台中的经营者，也就是商家。而对于消费者关注的问题，《指南》也做出了明确规定。\n四、强制商家“二选一”是滥用市场支配地位\n《指南》中有关“滥用市场支配地位”一节汇总，对互联网平台“二选一”的行为做出明确限定。《指南指出》，具有市场支配地位的平台经济领域经营者，可能滥用市场支配地位，无正当理由对交易相对人进行限制交易，排除、限制市场竞争。\n该行为包括要求交易相对人在竞争性平台间进行“二选一”或者其他具有相同效果行为；要求交易相对人与其进行独家交易；限定交易相对人只能与指定经营者交易或者不得与特定经营者交易等。\n《指南》还强调，这类限制交易行为可通过电话、口头等方式实现，还可通过平台规则、数据算法以及技术等方面设置限制。\n五、“大数据杀熟”滥用市场支配地位\n\n“杀熟”是很多消费者针对互联网平台投诉理由之一。\n这次《指南》发布也将其认定为滥用市场支配地位。具有市场支配地位的互联网平台经济领域经营者可能滥用市场支配地位，无正当理由对交易条件相同的交易相对人实施差别待遇，排除、限制市场竞争。\n该行为包括基于大数据和算法，对交易相对人的支付能力、消费偏好、使用习惯等，实行差异性交易价格或其他交易条件；以及基于大数据和算法，对新老交易相对人实行差异性交易价格或者其他交易条件等。\n《指南》正式实施后，相信会对线上经济进行有效合规监管，商户“二选一”、消费者被“杀熟”等问题有望得到有效解决。\n六、是否只针对电商平台反垄断？其他平台呢\n上述这些条款，可能多数人第一反应认为《指南》是针对互联网电商的反垄断条款。实际上，《指南》中这些要求同样适用于非电商平台。\n上海正策律师事务所律师董毅智认为，《指南》中的“互联网平台”肯定不只是电商，应该是所有的平台都可能涉及。互联网巨头的业务是相互交叉的，所以说游戏社交这方面都可能涉及。不能单独从一个局部的业务角度去看问题，而且要从一个很高的维度看，尤其是从监管的角度来看这个垄断的。\n此外，《指南》中也明确指出在平台经济领域，根据经营者商业模式不同，经营方式也不尽相同。比如有仅提供信息匹配、收取佣金的平台经营者；还有涉及协议控制架构的经营者等，均属于《指南》管辖范围。\n除了将“二选一”、“杀熟”等列为滥用市场支配地位概念外，《指南》还将“拒绝交易”认定为垄断行为之一。具体而言，具有市场支配地位的互联网平台经济领域经营者，可能滥用其市场支配地位，无正当理由拒绝与交易相对人进行交易，排除、限制市场竞争。\n在“拒绝交易”条目里，分析是否构成拒绝交易，可以考虑以下因素：停止、拖延、中断与交易相对人的现有交易；\n在平台规则、算法、技术、流量分配等方面设置限制和障碍，使交易相对人难以开展交易。\n限制交易可能通过平台规则、数据、算法、技术等方面的实际设置限制或者障碍的方式实现。\n这些在社交平台里也是可以发生的。比如某些社交平台会对一些交易口令、链接等进行屏蔽。\n七、各方观点\n《指南》征求意见稿公布后，各大媒体以及相关专家也对此进行了深入分析。\n周小川：科技巨头掌控大量数据和市场份额，形成垄断抑制公平竞争\n11月11日，博鳌亚洲论坛副理事长、中国人民银行原行长周小川表示，当前，科技创新在催生巨大动能的同时，也给社会治理和全球治理带来巨大挑战。首先，发展中国家数字基础设施投入不足，全球数字鸿沟进一步拉大，减贫和发展仍然任重道远。\n其次，人工智能颠覆传统产业，基因编辑技术进入实际应用，引发结构性失业和社会伦理等问题。第三，互联网科技巨头掌控大量数据和市场份额，形成垄断抑制公平竞争。此外，防范网络攻击和保护个人数据隐私也成为全球关注重点。\n黄晋：平台经济反垄断指南的亮点是科学监管、面向行业未来\n中国社会科学国际法研究所国际经济法研究室副主任、竞争法研究中心副主任兼秘书长黄晋表示，《指南》是针对平台领域反垄断的问题。\n目前，平台经营者已经成长为超级平台经营者，发展至今，这些“超级平台”经营者中，存在一些不正当竞争、滥用相对优势甚至垄断的情况发生。因此，平台领域经济更需要监管。《指南》根据平台经济发展情况、发展规律和自身特点强化竞争分析和法律论证，意味着执法过程中会更重视平台经济特性。\n在直播电商领域，由于市场相抵较小，有部分企业已经有一定市场规模，具备一定优势和支配地位。因此要有合法合规的要求，需要反垄断法，《指南》也做到了这一点。\n针对“二选一”、“大数据杀熟”等行为，黄晋认为，反垄断法目前调整更多的是涉及企业和企业之间的关系。《指南》有助于进一步明确企业和企业之间存在的排他性交易行为，独家销售合同等。《指南》界定了相关市场，对于企业和平台进行界定。根据其市场支配情况，是否有滥用行为，是根据法律上逻辑分析得出的。\n此外，黄晋认为，《指南》最大的意义在于为未来解决行业中的一些问题奠定了基础。\n媒体：平台经济领域反垄断 让用户更有收获感\n东方网今日就《指南》发布发表评论文章称，中国互联网消费在经过野蛮生长期后，已经快进入成熟期。此时平台经济的双边市场、多边市场与以生态为载体的特性决定平台经济要行稳致远，需要合规创新。通过政府、企业、消费者以及第三方等共同参与，形成共同监管新体系。\n中国政法大学民法学院讲师：平台经济领域加强反垄断趋势不可逆转\n中国政法大学民法学院讲师谢远扬在一篇发给媒体的解读文章中称，《指南》在内容上针对互联网市场环境，以及受社会广泛关注的问题做出回应。\n《指南》对“二选一”、“大数据杀熟”均作出专门规定，此外，还将算法共谋和轴辐协议等都视为垄断协议。并且《指南》对市场界定以及经营者集中认定标准弱化。\n谢远扬认为，目前在平台经济领域加强反垄断这一趋势已不可逆转。\n管清友：平台经济类公司确实要纳入监管\n\n经济学家管清友认为，互联网公司对公众数据的随意和无偿使用是个新现象，也是个问题。这种情况肯定要改变，平台经济类公司确实要纳入监管。\n叶檀：重拳出击，对阿里等非常痛苦\n\n财经评论家叶檀则表示，监管总局此次发布的《指南》是一次性重拳出击，对阿里等企业“非常痛苦”。","news_type":1,"symbols_score_info":{"00700":0.9,"BABA":0.9,"JD":0.9,"03690":0.9}},"isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":1217,"commentLimit":10,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false,"reportStatus":false,"symbols":[],"verified":2,"subType":0,"readableState":1,"langContent":"EN","currentLanguage":"EN","warmUpFlag":false,"orderFlag":false,"shareable":true,"causeOfNotShareable":"","featuresForAnalytics":[],"commentAndTweetFlag":false,"andRepostAutoSelectedFlag":false,"upFlag":false,"length":2,"xxTargetLangEnum":"ORIG"},"commentList":[],"hasMoreComment":false,"orderType":2}