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2021-05-30

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Philosophy in Investing: The Game of Finite and Infinite

2020年9月25日，詹姆斯·卡斯在他位于马塞诸塞州的家中去世，享年87岁。他是宗教学者、历史学家，他曾经是纽约大学的明星老师，所教授的课程场场爆满。更重要的是，他是《有限与无限的游戏》一书的作者。

Philosophy in Investing: The Game of Finite and Infinite

Disclaimer: Investing carries risk. This is not financial advice. The above content should not be regarded as an offer, recommendation, or solicitation on acquiring or disposing of any financial products, any associated discussions, comments, or posts by author or other users should not be considered as such either. It is solely for general information purpose only, which does not consider your own investment objectives, financial situations or needs. TTM assumes no responsibility or warranty for the accuracy and completeness of the information, investors should do their own research and may seek professional advice before investing.

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He is a religious scholar and historian. He used to be a star teacher at new york University, and the courses he taught were full. More importantly, he is the author of The Game of Finite and Infinite.This book, written in 1987, is a very magical book, which has influenced many people. The book is not long, and it is composed of 101 short chapters. It tells a philosophical truth in plain language.He regards the world as a \"game\" and believes that there are at least two kinds of games in the world. One can be called a finite game and the other an infinite game. Limited games are aimed at winning, while infinite games are aimed at continuing games.He thought about time, society, culture, power, language, disease, death, war, nature, machines, religion, myth, all the important themes we encounter in the world one by one through the clue of \"two kinds of games\".Cass pointed out that human society is often easy to stagnate in the finite game that has ended, or be imprisoned in the finite game without knowing it. Things like war, autocracy, environmental pollution, intolerance of the other, great fear of disease and death, and so on, are all negative products of limited games.Therefore, we all need a transformation of game concept, because limited games are games that draw the ground as prison, and need to establish boundaries and rules, while infinite games are open and need to break through boundaries and rules.Kevin Kelly, author of Out of Control, even more said: This book changed my view of life, the universe and everything else. The difference between the two games lifted my hesitation about what I should do next. It's simple:Always choose unlimited games.As a religious scholar, he is an atheist, because he is fascinated by \"the unknowable being as human\", which is exactly what he calls the infinite game.In the last few years of his life, although he suffered from cancer and chemotherapy, his computer was still full of working manuscripts, and he published his first novel in 2016. Maybe he thought that death was not an insurmountable boundary, and he was still playing his infinite game.The following is selected from Chapter 2 of \"The Game of Finite and Infinite\" \"No one can play games alone\". I wish you a beneficial opening!Participants in the infinite game strictly distinguish society from culture in their own political activities. They understand society as the sum of relationships bound by politics, while culture is the interaction between people under non-directional choices.If society is the sum total of what people think they must do, then culture is \"a country of change and freedom, which is not necessarily universally applicable, and authority can't be said here\".Let's not confuse the understanding of society by the participants of the infinite game with cost-able actions or other unconscious actions. Like limited competition, society is entirely in our free choice:No matter how time-consuming and laborious it is for the participants, it never stops the participants from withdrawing from the competition. It is only in certain areas that are considered necessary that society embodies its compulsory nature.<img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/80c2dd3214271ea6666ba033b9ce9671\" tg-width=\"399\" tg-height=\"280\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\">Photo: James Cass (1932-2020)Just as infinite games cannot be confined to finite games, culture must not become real culture if it is trapped in social boundaries.Of course, societies often use the strategy of initiating or embracing a certain culture as the exclusive and exclusive thing of that society. A culture that has been painted as a prison may even be greatly supported and encouraged by the society, but it is just cloaked in an open cloak. In fact, it is designed to serve social purposes without exception.Therefore, society and culture are not really at odds. In fact, society is a type of culture, and it insists on opposing itself. Society is an effort to organize freely, devoted to hiding the freedom of the organizer and the organized, to forgetting that we have consciously forgotten the original intention of entering this or that competition and to continue the competition.SocietyIf society is understood as everything people do under the veil of necessity, it should also be regarded as a limited game, which contains a certain number of small games within its boundaries.Big society includes a large number of various games, although these games are all linked to some extent, because they all affect the ultimate social status.In this sense, the school is a kind of limited game by issuing degree certificates with different gold content to those who have obtained degrees. These degree certificates provide graduates with qualifications in higher-level games. For example, after students from some famous schools or some vocational colleges graduate, there are a series of higher-level competitions in each vocational field. Many families also see themselves as a competitive unit in a larger limited game, training family members to win visible social titles.Like finite games, society has boundaries in quantity, space and time. Its citizens are precisely defined, its territory is sacrosanct, and its history is worshipped.The power of citizens in society is determined by their achievements in the games they have participated in. Society preserves the memory of the winners in history. Its recording and preservation functions are crucial to social order. A large number of rights and interests of members of society need to be confirmed, and the huge bureaucratic system originates from this need.The power of a society is obtained by defeating other societies in a limited game at a higher level. Its most cherished memory is the martyrs who lost their lives to win in the war with Gentiles. The victims of the losing side of the war are almost never commemorated.The power in society is guaranteed and improved by the power of the society itself.Only when a society maintains holistic power in its relations with other societies can the rewards won by its members be defended. Members of society who want to make their rewards permanent will try their best to maintain the permanence of this social reward.Patriotism, in one or more of its forms (chauvinism, racism, sexism, nationalism and religiosity), becomes an integral part of all social games.Because power is patriotic in nature, the typical feature of limited game participants is to pursue the growth of power in society as a way to improve the power of society itself.It is for the benefit of society itself that all kinds of competition in society are encouraged, and as many rewards as possible are established, because the rewarded person will be the most likely to risk his life to defend the whole society from being defeated by other competing societies.CultureCulture is an infinite game.Culture has no boundaries. In a culture, everyone can become a participant, no matter where and at any time.Because a society carefully maintains the boundaries of time, it understands its past as a kind of destiny, or destiny. That is to say, its historical track has a clear starting point (the founder of a certain society is always particularly commemorated) and a clear end (its successful nature is repeatedly reflected in official slogans such as \"according to his ability, according to his work\").Because culture has no time boundary, culture does not understand its past as fate, but as history, that is, a narrative that has begun but always points to infinite openness. Culture is a human enterprise that refuses to save itself from surprise. Living in such a powerful picture, they avoid power and happily play various games to expand their boundaries.Society is a display of power.It is scripted, with an established script, and the deviation from the script will be obvious immediately. Deviation from the norm is antisocial and therefore prohibited by society through various sanctions.The reason why transgression is banned is simple. If members of society do not abide by the inherent rules of society, then the number of rules will change, and some of them will be abandoned completely, which will mean that past winners can no longer be guaranteed ceremonial recognition of their titles and thus lose power-just like Russian princes after the Russian Revolution.It is an important function of society to ensure that the rules of many games are not tampered with. Processes such as academic review, licensing of trade and profession, appointment of religious office, approval of official appointments by Congress, and inauguration of political leaders are all social approval for certain people to compete in a specific limited game.Deviance, however, is the essence of culture. Anyone who just follows the script and repeats the past is culturally destitute.The nature of deviance varies, and not all deviations from the past have cultural significance. Cutting ties with the past, leading to forgetting the past, are practices that are culturally worthless. It is meaningful to bring new ways of thinking to tradition, make us feel strange to what we were once familiar, and re-examine everything we have.Cultural deviation does not bring us back to the past, but continues what began in the past and has not ended yet. Social customs, on the other hand, require a complete repetition of the past in the future. Society is obsessed with immortality, and culture laughs and harps with unknowable possibilities. Society is abstract, culture is concrete.Limited games are able to be played countless times over and over again.Admittedly, the winner of a game always wins in a specific game at a certain time, but the validity of the title they win depends on the repetition of this game. We commemorate the great early rugby players, but if rugby disappears, I'm afraid we won't remember them within ten years.As we have seen, because the infinite game cannot have an end, it cannot be repeated either. Non-repeatability is typical of all cultures. Mozart's Symphony No. 41 can't be composed again, and Rembrandt's self-portrait can't be painted twice. Society preserves these works, thinking that they are the results of those winners in their respective games.However, culture does not regard these works as the product of struggle, but as moments in the process of struggle-culture is the struggle itself.Culture inherits Mozart and Rembrandt's inheritance of culture, and their inheritance of culture is through their own work:Original or adaptive shaping of the tradition they have received. Their work is so original that others can't copy it, but it calls for original responses from others.Just as infinite games have their own rules, cultures have their own traditions. The rules in the infinite game can be freely reached or changed, and cultural traditions will also be transformed and changed in the transformation.To be precise, culture does not have a tradition, it is a tradition in itself.----------------------------------------------------Share good news with Tiger friends, Tiger currently supports placing orders on weekends! Pre-pending orders are a value-added service provided by Tiger for users, which can support users to place orders during non-trading periods. Currently, they support three order types: stop loss orders, stop loss limit orders, and limit orders.In other words, users can place pending orders during market holidays, such as weekends and other holidays. The orders are saved by Tiger's trading system and automatically submitted to the exchange after the market opens.<a href=\"https://www.laohu8.com/post/131820269\" target=\"_blank\">Click for details > > ></a>","collect":0,"html":"<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,minimum-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=no\"/>\n<meta name=\"format-detection\" content=\"telephone=no,email=no,address=no\" />\n<title>Philosophy in Investing: The Game of Finite and Infinite</title>\n<style type=\"text/css\">\na,abbr,acronym,address,applet,article,aside,audio,b,big,blockquote,body,canvas,caption,center,cite,code,dd,del,details,dfn,div,dl,dt,\nem,embed,fieldset,figcaption,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,hgroup,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,mark,menu,nav,\nobject,ol,output,p,pre,q,ruby,s,samp,section,small,span,strike,strong,sub,summary,sup,table,tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,time,tr,tt,u,ul,var,video{ font:inherit;margin:0;padding:0;vertical-align:baseline;border:0 }\nbody{ font-size:16px; line-height:1.5; color:#999; background:transparent; }\n.wrapper{ overflow:hidden;word-break:break-all;padding:10px; }\nh1,h2{ font-weight:normal; line-height:1.35; margin-bottom:.6em; }\nh3,h4,h5,h6{ line-height:1.35; margin-bottom:1em; }\nh1{ font-size:24px; }\nh2{ font-size:20px; }\nh3{ font-size:18px; }\nh4{ font-size:16px; }\nh5{ font-size:14px; }\nh6{ font-size:12px; }\np,ul,ol,blockquote,dl,table{ margin:1.2em 0; }\nul,ol{ margin-left:2em; }\nul{ list-style:disc; }\nol{ list-style:decimal; }\nli,li p{ margin:10px 0;}\nimg{ max-width:100%;display:block;margin:0 auto 1em; }\nblockquote{ color:#B5B2B1; border-left:3px solid #aaa; padding:1em; }\nstrong,b{font-weight:bold;}\nem,i{font-style:italic;}\ntable{ width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:1px;margin:1em 0;font-size:.9em; }\nth,td{ padding:5px;text-align:left;border:1px solid #aaa; }\nth{ font-weight:bold;background:#5d5d5d; }\n.symbol-link{font-weight:bold;}\n/* header{ border-bottom:1px solid #494756; } */\n.title{ margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.3;color:#ddd; }\n.meta {color:#5e5c6d;font-size:13px;margin:0 0 .5em; }\na{text-decoration:none; color:#2a4b87;}\n.meta .head { display: inline-block; overflow: hidden}\n.head .h-thumb { width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; float: left;}\n.head .h-content { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 9px; float: left;}\n.head .h-name {font-size: 13px; color: #eee; margin: 0;}\n.head .h-time {font-size: 12.5px; color: #7E829C; margin: 0;}\n.small {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.9); -webkit-transform: scale(0.9); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.smaller {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.bt-text {font-size: 12px;margin: 1.5em 0 0 0}\n.bt-text p {margin: 0}\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"title\">\nPhilosophy in Investing: The Game of Finite and Infinite\n</h2>\n<h4 class=\"meta\">\n<a class=\"head\" href=\"https://laohu8.com/wemedia/1083023659\">\n\n<div class=\"h-thumb\" style=\"background-image:url(https://static.tigerbbs.com/61a7d3b4f53e4a8b81be4c739ded31f5);background-size:cover;\"></div>\n\n<div class=\"h-content\">\n格上私募圈 \n2021-05-29 09:29\n</div>\n</a>\n</h4>\n</header>\n<article>\nJames Cass passed away on September 25, 2020 at his home in Massachusetts at the age of 87. He is a religious scholar and historian. He used to be a star teacher at new york University, and the courses he taught were full. More importantly, he is the author of The Game of Finite and Infinite.This book, written in 1987, is a very magical book, which has influenced many people. The book is not long, and it is composed of 101 short chapters. It tells a philosophical truth in plain language.He regards the world as a \"game\" and believes that there are at least two kinds of games in the world. One can be called a finite game and the other an infinite game. Limited games are aimed at winning, while infinite games are aimed at continuing games.He thought about time, society, culture, power, language, disease, death, war, nature, machines, religion, myth, all the important themes we encounter in the world one by one through the clue of \"two kinds of games\".Cass pointed out that human society is often easy to stagnate in the finite game that has ended, or be imprisoned in the finite game without knowing it. Things like war, autocracy, environmental pollution, intolerance of the other, great fear of disease and death, and so on, are all negative products of limited games.Therefore, we all need a transformation of game concept, because limited games are games that draw the ground as prison, and need to establish boundaries and rules, while infinite games are open and need to break through boundaries and rules.Kevin Kelly, author of Out of Control, even more said: This book changed my view of life, the universe and everything else. The difference between the two games lifted my hesitation about what I should do next. It's simple:Always choose unlimited games.As a religious scholar, he is an atheist, because he is fascinated by \"the unknowable being as human\", which is exactly what he calls the infinite game.In the last few years of his life, although he suffered from cancer and chemotherapy, his computer was still full of working manuscripts, and he published his first novel in 2016. Maybe he thought that death was not an insurmountable boundary, and he was still playing his infinite game.The following is selected from Chapter 2 of \"The Game of Finite and Infinite\" \"No one can play games alone\". I wish you a beneficial opening!Participants in the infinite game strictly distinguish society from culture in their own political activities. They understand society as the sum of relationships bound by politics, while culture is the interaction between people under non-directional choices.If society is the sum total of what people think they must do, then culture is \"a country of change and freedom, which is not necessarily universally applicable, and authority can't be said here\".Let's not confuse the understanding of society by the participants of the infinite game with cost-able actions or other unconscious actions. Like limited competition, society is entirely in our free choice:No matter how time-consuming and laborious it is for the participants, it never stops the participants from withdrawing from the competition. It is only in certain areas that are considered necessary that society embodies its compulsory nature.<img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/80c2dd3214271ea6666ba033b9ce9671\" tg-width=\"399\" tg-height=\"280\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\">Photo: James Cass (1932-2020)Just as infinite games cannot be confined to finite games, culture must not become real culture if it is trapped in social boundaries.Of course, societies often use the strategy of initiating or embracing a certain culture as the exclusive and exclusive thing of that society. A culture that has been painted as a prison may even be greatly supported and encouraged by the society, but it is just cloaked in an open cloak. In fact, it is designed to serve social purposes without exception.Therefore, society and culture are not really at odds. In fact, society is a type of culture, and it insists on opposing itself. Society is an effort to organize freely, devoted to hiding the freedom of the organizer and the organized, to forgetting that we have consciously forgotten the original intention of entering this or that competition and to continue the competition.SocietyIf society is understood as everything people do under the veil of necessity, it should also be regarded as a limited game, which contains a certain number of small games within its boundaries.Big society includes a large number of various games, although these games are all linked to some extent, because they all affect the ultimate social status.In this sense, the school is a kind of limited game by issuing degree certificates with different gold content to those who have obtained degrees. These degree certificates provide graduates with qualifications in higher-level games. For example, after students from some famous schools or some vocational colleges graduate, there are a series of higher-level competitions in each vocational field. Many families also see themselves as a competitive unit in a larger limited game, training family members to win visible social titles.Like finite games, society has boundaries in quantity, space and time. Its citizens are precisely defined, its territory is sacrosanct, and its history is worshipped.The power of citizens in society is determined by their achievements in the games they have participated in. Society preserves the memory of the winners in history. Its recording and preservation functions are crucial to social order. A large number of rights and interests of members of society need to be confirmed, and the huge bureaucratic system originates from this need.The power of a society is obtained by defeating other societies in a limited game at a higher level. Its most cherished memory is the martyrs who lost their lives to win in the war with Gentiles. The victims of the losing side of the war are almost never commemorated.The power in society is guaranteed and improved by the power of the society itself.Only when a society maintains holistic power in its relations with other societies can the rewards won by its members be defended. Members of society who want to make their rewards permanent will try their best to maintain the permanence of this social reward.Patriotism, in one or more of its forms (chauvinism, racism, sexism, nationalism and religiosity), becomes an integral part of all social games.Because power is patriotic in nature, the typical feature of limited game participants is to pursue the growth of power in society as a way to improve the power of society itself.It is for the benefit of society itself that all kinds of competition in society are encouraged, and as many rewards as possible are established, because the rewarded person will be the most likely to risk his life to defend the whole society from being defeated by other competing societies.CultureCulture is an infinite game.Culture has no boundaries. In a culture, everyone can become a participant, no matter where and at any time.Because a society carefully maintains the boundaries of time, it understands its past as a kind of destiny, or destiny. That is to say, its historical track has a clear starting point (the founder of a certain society is always particularly commemorated) and a clear end (its successful nature is repeatedly reflected in official slogans such as \"according to his ability, according to his work\").Because culture has no time boundary, culture does not understand its past as fate, but as history, that is, a narrative that has begun but always points to infinite openness. Culture is a human enterprise that refuses to save itself from surprise. Living in such a powerful picture, they avoid power and happily play various games to expand their boundaries.Society is a display of power.It is scripted, with an established script, and the deviation from the script will be obvious immediately. Deviation from the norm is antisocial and therefore prohibited by society through various sanctions.The reason why transgression is banned is simple. If members of society do not abide by the inherent rules of society, then the number of rules will change, and some of them will be abandoned completely, which will mean that past winners can no longer be guaranteed ceremonial recognition of their titles and thus lose power-just like Russian princes after the Russian Revolution.It is an important function of society to ensure that the rules of many games are not tampered with. Processes such as academic review, licensing of trade and profession, appointment of religious office, approval of official appointments by Congress, and inauguration of political leaders are all social approval for certain people to compete in a specific limited game.Deviance, however, is the essence of culture. Anyone who just follows the script and repeats the past is culturally destitute.The nature of deviance varies, and not all deviations from the past have cultural significance. Cutting ties with the past, leading to forgetting the past, are practices that are culturally worthless. It is meaningful to bring new ways of thinking to tradition, make us feel strange to what we were once familiar, and re-examine everything we have.Cultural deviation does not bring us back to the past, but continues what began in the past and has not ended yet. Social customs, on the other hand, require a complete repetition of the past in the future. Society is obsessed with immortality, and culture laughs and harps with unknowable possibilities. Society is abstract, culture is concrete.Limited games are able to be played countless times over and over again.Admittedly, the winner of a game always wins in a specific game at a certain time, but the validity of the title they win depends on the repetition of this game. We commemorate the great early rugby players, but if rugby disappears, I'm afraid we won't remember them within ten years.As we have seen, because the infinite game cannot have an end, it cannot be repeated either. Non-repeatability is typical of all cultures. Mozart's Symphony No. 41 can't be composed again, and Rembrandt's self-portrait can't be painted twice. Society preserves these works, thinking that they are the results of those winners in their respective games.However, culture does not regard these works as the product of struggle, but as moments in the process of struggle-culture is the struggle itself.Culture inherits Mozart and Rembrandt's inheritance of culture, and their inheritance of culture is through their own work:Original or adaptive shaping of the tradition they have received. Their work is so original that others can't copy it, but it calls for original responses from others.Just as infinite games have their own rules, cultures have their own traditions. The rules in the infinite game can be freely reached or changed, and cultural traditions will also be transformed and changed in the transformation.To be precise, culture does not have a tradition, it is a tradition in itself.----------------------------------------------------Share good news with Tiger friends, Tiger currently supports placing orders on weekends! Pre-pending orders are a value-added service provided by Tiger for users, which can support users to place orders during non-trading periods. Currently, they support three order types: stop loss orders, stop loss limit orders, and limit orders.In other words, users can place pending orders during market holidays, such as weekends and other holidays. The orders are saved by Tiger's trading system and automatically submitted to the exchange after the market opens.<a href=\"https://www.laohu8.com/post/131820269\" target=\"_blank\">Click for details > > ></a>\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","type":0,"thumbnail":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/ccb8c14a6fc1912ba7f4d101042b451e","relate_stocks":{},"is_english":false,"share_image_url":"https://static.laohu8.com/e9f99090a1c2ed51c021029395664489","article_id":"1175020249","content_text":"2020年9月25日，詹姆斯·卡斯在他位于马塞诸塞州的家中去世，享年87岁。他是宗教学者、历史学家，他曾经是纽约大学的明星老师，所教授的课程场场爆满。更重要的是，他是《有限与无限的游戏》一书的作者。\n这本写于1987年的书，是一本非常神奇的著作，影响了不少人。全书篇幅不长，以101个短章连缀而成的形式构成，用平实的语言讲述了一个哲学的道理。\n他视世界为“游戏”，并认为世上至少有两种游戏。一种可称为有限游戏，另一种称为无限游戏。有限游戏以取胜为目的，而无限游戏以延续游戏为目的。\n他将时间、社会、文化、权力、语言、疾病、死亡、战争、自然、机器、宗教、神话，我们在世上所遭遇的重要主题，都通过“两种游戏”这条线索，逐一思考了一遍。\n卡斯指出，人类社会往往很容易停滞在结束了的有限游戏中，或者被囚禁在有限的游戏中而不自知。像战争、专制、环境污染、对他者的不宽容、对疾病和死亡的极大恐惧等等，都是有限游戏的负面产物。\n因而我们都需要一个游戏观的转换，因为有限游戏是画地为牢的游戏，需要确立边界和规则，而无限游戏则是开放的，需要突破边界和规则。\n《失控》的作者凯文·凯利更是说：这本书改变了我对生活、宇宙和其他一切事情的看法。两种游戏的不同，解除了我对下一步应该做什么的犹豫。很简单：总是选择无限的游戏。\n他作为一个宗教学者，却是一名无神论者，因为他着迷于“不可知的作为人类的存在”，也正是他所说的无限游戏。\n在他生命的最后几年，虽然受到癌症及化疗的痛苦，但他的电脑里依然充满着工作手稿，在2016年还出版了第一本小说，可能他认为死亡并不是一个不可突破的边界，他依然在玩着他的无限游戏。\n以下选自《有限与无限的游戏》第二章《没人能独自玩游戏》，祝开卷有益！\n无限游戏的参与者在他们自己的政治活动中，严格区分社会与文化。他们将社会理解为受政治约束的关系总和，而文化则是在非方向性的选择下，人和人的相互作用。\n如果说，社会是人们认为必须要做之事的总和，那么文化则是“变化与自由的国度，它并不一定普遍适用，权威在这里无从置喙”。\n我们不要把无限游戏的参与者对社会的理解，混淆成本能行动，或者其他非意识行动。和有限的竞争一样，社会也完全是在我们自由选择之中的：不管对参与者来说多费时费力，也从不阻止参与者退出竞赛。仅仅在某些被认为必需的领域，社会才体现它的强制性。\n\n图：詹姆斯·卡斯（1932-2020）\n正如无限游戏不能被限制在有限游戏中，文化如果被困于社会边界里，也必不能成为真正的文化。\n当然，社会经常使用一种策略，即发起或拥抱某种文化，将之作为该社会的独家专属之物。被如此画地为牢的文化，甚至有可能得到社会的极大扶持和鼓励，但它不过是披着开放的外衣而已。实际上，它无一例外都被设计为服务于社会目的。\n因此，社会与文化并不是真正的势不两立。其实，社会是文化的一种类型，它坚持与自身作对。社会是自由组织起来的一种努力，致力于隐藏组织者和被组织者的自由，致力于忘记我们已经有意识地忘记我们进入这个或那个竞赛的初衷并继续竞赛下去。\n社会\n如果将社会理解为人们在必然的面纱下所做的一切，那也应该将它视为某一有限的游戏，在它的边界内，又包含了一定数量的小游戏。\n大的社会包括大量的各种游戏，虽然这些游戏都在某种程度上联系在一起，因为它们都影响到最终的社会身份地位。\n学校向获得学位者颁发含金量不同的学位证书，从这个意义上说，学校是有限游戏的一种。这些学位证书则在更高一级的游戏中，为毕业生提供参赛资格，比如某些名校或某些职业院校的学生毕业之后，在每个职业领域中，又有一系列的更高一级的竞赛等。很多家庭也将自己视为更宏大的有限游戏中的一个竞争单元，训练家族成员赢得可见的社会性头衔。\n像有限游戏一样，社会也是有数量、空间和时间的界限的。它的公民是精确定义的，它的国土是神圣不可侵犯的，它的历史是被顶礼膜拜的。\n公民在社会中的权力，由他们各自在已参加的游戏中所获得的成绩来决定。社会保有对历史上获胜者的记忆。它的记录、保存功能对于社会秩序来说至关重要。社会成员的大量权益需要得到确认，庞大的官僚体制便是发源于这一需要。\n一个社会的权力，是通过在更高一级的有限游戏中击败其他社会获取的。它最值得珍视的记忆，便是在与外邦交战中，为赢得胜利而失去生命的烈士们。战争失败一方的牺牲者几乎从来不被纪念。\n社会中的权力，得到这个社会本身的权力的保证与提高。\n一个社会只有在与其他社会关系中保持整体性的权力时，其社会成员所赢得的奖励才能得到保卫。希望将自己的奖励永久化的社会成员，会努力维持这个社会奖励的永久化。\n爱国主义以它的一种或多种形式（沙文主义、种族主义、性别主义、民族主义和宗教主义），成为所有社会游戏不可分割的部分。\n因为权力在本质上是爱国主义的，所以有限游戏参与者的典型特征，便是将追求社会中的权力增长作为提高社会本身权力的一种方式。\n正是为了社会本身的利益，才鼓励社会中的各种竞争，建立尽可能多数量的奖励，因为被奖励者将是最有可能奋不顾身去保卫作为一个整体的社会不被其他竞争社会打败的。\n文化\n文化则是无限的游戏。文化无边界，在一个文化中，所有人都能成为参与者，无论任何时间任何地点。\n因为一个社会精心保持着时间边界，所以它将自己的过去理解为一种宿命，或天命。也就是说，它的历史轨道有明确的起点（某个社会的创立者总是特别得到纪念），以及明确的终点（它的成功性质重复体现在比如“各尽所能，按劳分配”这样的官方口号中）。\n因为文化没有时间边界，所以文化并不将它的过去理解为宿命，而是视为历史，也即一种已经开始但永远指向无穷开放性的叙事。文化是人类的事业，拒绝使自己免于惊讶。生活在这样有力量的图景中，他们便避开权力，喜悦地做着各种拓展边界的游戏。\n社会是权力的展示。它是剧本性的，拥有既定的剧本，对剧本的偏离，马上会很明显地被看出来。偏离常轨是反社会的，因此被社会通过各种制裁所禁止。\n越轨之所以被禁止，原因很简单。如果社会成员不遵守社会固有规则，那么规则的数量将会变化，其中一些规则会被彻底抛弃，这将意味着过去的获胜者不再能保证获得对自己头衔的仪式性认可，从而失去权力－就像是俄国革命之后的俄国王公。\n保证许多游戏的规则不被窜改，是社会的一项重要功能。像学术评审、贸易和职业的许可、宗教职务授任、国会对官员任命的通过和政治领袖的就职，这些流程都是社会对某些人在特定的有限游戏中进行竞争所做的批准。\n然而，越轨却是文化的本质。谁要是仅仅跟随剧本亦步亦趋，重复过去，那么就是文化上的赤贫者。\n越轨的性质各有不同，不是所有对过去的偏离都具有文化上的意义。切断与过去的联系，导致对过去的遗忘，这些做法在文化上毫无价值。给传统带来新的思维方式，使我们对一度熟悉的事物生出陌生感，对我们所拥有的一切进行再审视，这样做才是有意义的。\n文化偏离不是将我们带回过往，而是将开始于过去并尚未结束的东西继续下去。而另一方面，社会习俗要求在未来完全地重复过往。社会对于不朽这件事情念念不忘，而文化与不可知的各种可能性的欢笑琴瑟和鸣。社会是抽象的，文化是具体的。\n有限的游戏能够反复玩无数次。诚然，游戏的获胜者总是在某一时间的特定游戏中获胜的，但是他们获得的头衔的有效性却有赖于此游戏的重复进行。我们纪念早期的伟大橄榄球队运动员，但若橄榄球消失，不出十年，我们恐怕就记不起他们了。\n正如我们所见的，因为无限的游戏不能有终点，所以它也无法重复。不可重复性是所有文化的典型特征。莫扎特的第四十一号交响曲不可能再创作一次，伦勃朗的自画像也不可能画两次。社会将这些作品保存起来，认为它们是那些在各自游戏中获胜者的战果。\n然而，文化并不将这些作品视作奋斗的产物，而认为是奋斗过程中的瞬间－文化即奋斗本身。\n文化传承着莫扎特和伦勃朗对文化的传承，而二人对文化的传承，是通过自己的工作：对他们所接受的传统进行的原创性或改编性塑造。他们的工作是如此原创，以至于其他人无从复制，但是却呼唤着其他人原创式的回应。\n正如无限的游戏有其规则，文化则有自己的传统。无限游戏中的规则能够自由达成或自由更改，文化传统也会被改造，并在改造中发生变化。\n准确地说，文化并不是拥有一个传统，它本身就是传统。\n----------------------------------------------------\n和虎友们分享一个好消息，老虎当前支持周末下单了！预挂单是老虎为用户提供的一种增值服务，可以支持用户在非交易时间段下单，目前支持止损单、止损限价单、限价单3种订单类型。\n也就是说，用户可以在休市期间，比如周末等节假日进行挂单，订单由老虎的交易系统保存，待开市后自动提交到交易所。\n点击了解详情>>>","news_type":1,"symbols_score_info":{}},"isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":2913,"commentLimit":10,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false,"reportStatus":false,"symbols":[],"verified":2,"subType":0,"readableState":1,"langContent":"EN","currentLanguage":"EN","warmUpFlag":false,"orderFlag":false,"shareable":true,"causeOfNotShareable":"","featuresForAnalytics":[],"commentAndTweetFlag":false,"andRepostAutoSelectedFlag":false,"upFlag":false,"length":4,"xxTargetLangEnum":"ORIG"},"commentList":[],"hasMoreComment":false,"orderType":2}